Research & Development Tax Reliefs: At a glance

This is a freeview 'At a glance' guide to Research and Development (R&D) relief.

What is Research and Development (R&D) relief? How to claim R&D relief? How does small company R&D relief work? Can individuals claim R&D relief?

Subscribers, click here for your detailed version of this guide.

Qualifying expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) attracts four different forms of tax relief for Corporation Tax.

The Small or Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) R&D Credits Scheme.
The Large Company Scheme: R&D Expenditure Credit (RDEC).
The Patent Box.

Additionally, there are R&D capital allowances.

R&D information on this site is split into freeview guides, guides for subscribers of www.rossmartin.co.uk and our premium content R&D Zone.

At a glance

At a glance

This guide focuses on relief for SMEs, noting that the large company scheme applies to SMEs in certain circumstances (see R&D Tax Relief: Overview ).

Click here for Patent Box.

R&D relief is given in two different ways, by enhanced deduction or by payable credit.

The amount of relief given depends on when the R&D expenditure was incurred:

Relief	From 1 April 2020	From 1 Jan 2018	From 1 April 2015	From 1 April 2014	From 1 April 2013	1 April 2011 to 31 March 2012
Enhanced deduction rate	230%	230%	230%	225%	225%	200%
Payable credit*	14.5%	14.5%	14.5%	14.5%	11%	12.5%
Above the line expenditure credit (RDEC)	13%	12%	11%	10%	9.1%

* The payable credit is subject to a cap from 1 April 2021.

In order to claim relief, a company must have been engaged in qualifying R&D activity and then satisfy a number of specific conditions.

The company must be a going concern.
Any single R&D project must not receive Total aid of more than €7.5m.

Special rules and conditions

There are special rules if a company has received state aid in respect of the project.
Expenditure is not generally available if it has been subsidised.
There are special rules for contracting and Sub-contracting R&D.
See R&D subscriber guide for details of how to make claims.

To claim relief:

An R&D report should be submitted along with the company tax return as part of the tax computation.
It is helpful if the principal activities statement to the accounts states that R&D work is part of the company’s business activities.

Until 31 March 2012, the company must have incurred a minimum of £10,000 of qualifying expenditure on R&D projects. This requirement is removed from 1 April 2012.

Vaccines - restriction
The deduction available under Vaccine Research Relief for SMEs was removed from 1 April 2012 and the relief was completely abolished by Finance Act 2016 with effect from 1 April 2017.

Recent changes

PAYE Cap on payable credits
Finance Act 2021 introduces a cap on any claims for payable credits from 1 April 2021.

There is a threshold of £20,000 under which the cap will not apply.
The cap is the threshold amount plus three times the company’s total PAYE and National Insurance Contributions (NICs) liability for that year.
An exemption for genuine R&D businesses.
See R&D: SME Tax Credit scheme

Overview

From 1 April 2015, SME companies that have incurred costs on qualifying R&D projects can obtain an uplift on these costs of 230%. It means that if a company spends £100, it will receive tax relief as if it had spent £230. Prior to 1 April 2015 the rate was 225% (see Rates in At a glance).

Where a company has unrelieved trading losses it may surrender the R&D tax relief in exchange for a tax credit.

For periods up to 31 March 2012 the credit cannot exceed the company’s PAYE tax and NIC actually paid in the accounting period and, where there are outstanding tax or NI liabilities, the credit will be offset against these before any balance being refunded.
From 1 April 2012, the PAYE/NICs restriction ceased to apply.

A claim for R&D must be made within two years of the end of the accounting period in which the costs were recognised.

What is an SME?

Since August 2008 the definition of an SME is taken as a company with fewer than 500 employees and a turnover limit of €100 million or a balance sheet total not exceeding €86 million. Prior to this, the thresholds were 250, €50 million and €43 million respectively.

Definition of R&D

R&D is defined in accordance with general accounting practice but is further modified by the guidelines produced by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in 2004. In general, there must be uncertainty that the final objective can be achieved and there must be an advance in science or technology through the resolution of scientific or technological uncertainty. The knowledge being sought must also not be already available in the public domain.

Qualifying costs

The company must have incurred qualifying expenditure on R&D projects.

Government grant funding (notified state aid) provided for R&D projects must be excluded from any R&D claim. An SME may claim enhanced relief under the large company R&D scheme, currently at 130%. Where other grants or subsidies have been received, the SME relief may be claimed on the net amount.

Relief under the large company scheme may be claimed on the subsidised expenditure, provided it qualifies as tax-deductible in the normal way. From 1 April 2016, the uplift in costs can no longer be claimed. Only the repayable Expenditure Credit is available (see the Subscriber version for details of the Large Company Scheme).

Qualifying costs must have been incurred and cannot be of a capital nature. Revenue costs that have been put to the balance sheet can still be included within the R&D Claim. Capital costs relating to R&D work qualify for capital allowances at 100%.

Qualifying revenue costs include:

Staff costs apportioned, see Subscriber guide to R&D: Staff costs, subcontractors & reimbursed expenses.
Materials consumed or transformed.
Water and fuel.
Specially commissioned parts.
Software.
Software designed or adapted see R&D software.
Subcontractor costs: there are a number of pitfalls and planning points in relation to staffing and subcontractors, these are discussed at length in the Subscriber guide: R&D: Staff costs, subcontractors & reimbursed expenses.
A proportion of variable overheads, see R&D claims and overheads.

From 1 April 2015, there is a restriction on expenditure in respect of consumable items that qualify for R&D tax credits where the company sells the products of its R&D activity as part of its normal business.

The R&D report

A report should be filed as part of the company tax return as it is current HMRC practice to open an enquiry where no report is supplied.

See Subscriber version for details and links to templates.

Where a company has been contracted to carry out R&D work and cannot make a claim under the SME rules, it may be possible to claim under the large company rules. Where this applies, the uplift in costs up to April 2016 is 130% and any trading losses cannot be surrendered in exchange for a tax credit. From 1 April 2016, the uplift in costs can no longer be claimed. Only the repayable Expenditure Credit is available (see Subscriber version for details of the Large Company Scheme).

Assistance from HMRC

HMRC has several specialist units across the UK which are available to assist with R&D claims.

In November 2015 HMRC introduced an R&D Advance Assurance scheme for companies claiming R&D for the first time. Where assurance is given, the company will face no further enquiries into its claims for the first three accounting periods.

Useful guides on this topic

See Subscriber version of this note.

Our R&D guides: